The new President and Congress overturned the many judiciary appointments Adams had made at the end of his term, and overturned the Congressional act that had increased the number of Presidential judicial appointments. For the first time in the history of the new republic , the Supreme Court ruled that an act of Congress was unconstitutional. The judicial review process exists to help ensure no law enacted, or action taken, by the other branches of government , or by lower courts, contradicts the U.
In this, the U. Topics that may be brought before the Supreme Court may include:. Throughout the years, the Supreme Court has made many important decisions on issues of civil rights , rights of persons accused of crimes, censorship , freedom of religion, and other basic human rights.
Below are some notable examples. The history of modern day Miranda rights begins in , when Ernesto Miranda was arrested for, and interrogated about, the rape of an year-old woman in Phoenix, Arizona. During the lengthy interrogation, Miranda, who had never requested a lawyer , confessed and was later convicted of rape and sent to prison.
The ruling declared that any statement, confession, or evidence obtained prior to informing the person of their rights would not be admissible in court. For example, in the case of Cohens v.
Virginia , the Supreme Court expanded its power of constitutional review to include the decisions of state criminal courts. In Cooper v. Aaron in , the Supreme Court expanded the power so that it could deem any action of any branch of a state's government to be unconstitutional. Over the decades, the Supreme Court has exercised its power of judicial review in overturning hundreds of lower court cases.
The following are just a few examples of such landmark cases:. Roe v. Wade : The Supreme Court ruled that state laws prohibiting abortion were unconstitutional. The Court held that a woman's right to an abortion fell within the right to privacy as protected by the Fourteenth Amendment. In a larger sense, Roe v. Loving v. Virginia : State laws prohibiting interracial marriage were struck down.
Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission : In a decision that remains controversial today, the Supreme Court ruled laws restricting spending by corporations on federal election advertising unconstitutional. In the decision, an ideologically divided 5-to-4 majority of justices held that under the First Amendment corporate funding of political advertisements in candidate elections cannot be limited.
Obergefell v. Hodges : Again wading into controversy-swollen waters, the Supreme Court found state laws banning same-sex marriage to be unconstitutional. By a 5-to-4 vote, the Court held that the Due Process of Law Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment protects the right to marry as a fundamental liberty and that the protection applies to same-sex couples in the same way it applies to opposite-sex couples.
In addition, the Court held that while the First Amendment protects the rights of religious organizations to adhere to their principles, it does not allow states to deny same-sex couples the right to marry on the same terms as those for opposite-sex couples. Updated by Robert Longley. Actively scan device characteristics for identification.
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Read our profile on the United States government and media. Judicial Watch is a c 3 nonprofit organization with contributions from individuals, foundations, and corporations. According to Sourcewatch, JW receives funding from prominent right-wing organizations such as the Carthage Foundation and Scaife Foundation. Judicial Watch reports news on their website using strong emotional language that is usually pro-right or anti-left.
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