In he received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his "work on immunity. Paul Ehrlich was born in Strehlen, near Breslau, Poland where his father was a distiller and leader of the local Jewish community. After extensive testing the drug was marketed by Hoechst and it became the most effective drug for treating syphilis until the invention of penicillin in the s.
In he received a request from the German Emperor Wilhelm II to found a department of cancer research at his institute. Ehrlich discovered that when tumors are grown from transplanted tumor cells their malignancy increases from generation to generation. In he finished his habilitation and spent and traveling in an attempt to cure the tuberculosis he had caught in his work.
In the 's he studied staining bacteria with dyes and his doctoral dissertation was titled Contributions to the Theory and Practice of Histological Staining. While continuing his research at the Charite, he developed a dry specimen technique that allowed for better observation and staining of cells. In he began his study of red blood cells and discovered nucleated red blood cells.
In he earned his doctorate in medicine and worked at the Charite in Berlin under Theodor Frerichs, the founder of experimental clinical medicine. Ehrlich supposed that living cells have side chains—a shorter chain or group of atoms attached to a principal chain in a molecule—much in the way that dye molecules were known to have side chains that were related to their coloring properties. These side chains can link with particular toxins. According to Ehrlich, a cell under threat from foreign bodies grows more side chains, more than are necessary to lock in foreign bodies in its immediate vicinity.
It was these antibodies, in search of toxins, that Ehrlich first described as magic bullets. Serum therapy was for Ehrlich the ideal method of contending with infectious diseases.
In those cases, however, in which effective sera could not be discovered, Ehrlich would turn to synthesizing new chemicals, informed by his theory that the effectiveness of a therapeutic agent depended on its side chains. In Frankfurt, Ehrlich turned from his work on serum therapy to chemotherapies and dyes. First targeting the protozoa that were known to be responsible for certain diseases, such as sleeping sickness, he and the Japanese bacteriologist Kiyoshi Shiga synthesized trypan red as a highly effective cure for that disease.
Soon this institute and the Hoechst and Cassella chemical companies reached an agreement that gave the companies the right to patent, manufacture, and market preparations discovered by Ehrlich and his colleagues. The companies further agreed to supply chemical intermediates for the syntheses that the staff of the institute would undertake.
Salvarsan was used to treat syphilis until the s. The indefatigable industry shown by Ehrlich throughout his life, his kindness and modesty, his lifelong habit of eating little and smoking incessantly 25 strong cigars a day, a box of which he frequently carried under one arm, his invariable insistence on the repeated proof by many experiments of the results he published, and the veneration and devotion shown to him by all his assistants have been vividly described by his former secretary, Martha Marquardt, whose biography of him has given us a detailed picture of his life in Frankfurt.
In Frankfurt the street in which his Institute was situated was named Paul Ehrlichstrasse after him, but later, when the Jewish persecution began, this name was removed because Ehrlich was a Jew. After the Second World War, however, when his birth-place, Strehlen, came under the jurisdiction of the Polish authorities, they renamed it Ehrlichstadt, in honour of its great son.
Olaf Order. In he shared with Metchnikoff the highest scientific distinction, the Nobel Prize. The Prussian Government elected him Privy Medical Counsel in , promoted him to a higher rank of this Counsel in and, in , raised him to the highest rank, Real Privy Counsel with the title of Excellency. Ehrlich married, in , Hedwig Pinkus, who was then aged They had two daughters, Stephanie Mrs.
Ernst Schwerin and Marianne Mrs. Edmund Landau. When the First World War broke out in he was much distressed by it and at Christmas of that year he had a slight stroke. He recovered quickly from this, but his health which had never, apart from a tuberculous infection in early life which had made it necessary for him to spend two years in Egypt, failed him, now began to decline and when, in , he went to Bad Homburg for a holiday, he had, on August 20 of that year, a second stroke which ended his life.
It was later edited and republished in Nobel Lectures. To cite this document, always state the source as shown above. Nobel Prizes Thirteen laureates were awarded a Nobel Prize in , for achievements that have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind.
0コメント